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From the perspective of systems science， it is believed that the health status in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a collection of dynamic changes caused by the continuous mutual movement and exchange of material and energy between the giant system of human beings and the environment， and the accurate identification of this is helpful to understand the common characteristics as well as the development and evolution rules the human body. It is suggested to identify TCM health status based on gut microbiota characteristics， take systems science research method in combination with partial order structure theory to quantify and utilize the information carried by gut microbiota， and use gut microbiota information as a component of micro-parameters to identify TCM health status， thereby supplementing and improving the identification system of TCM health status. The combination of systems science and TCM will further the study of life and provide ideas for studying TCM health status from the perspective of system.
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The traditional life concept of "body-mind holism" in Chinese medicine has drawn a special attention with the development of modern psychosomatic medicine. The "body-mind holism" is valuable in the guidance for clinical acupuncture practice, but, it is only remained on the theoretical significance by the medical masters in the past dynasties. In the paper, based on the understanding of Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic), the similarities and differences are compared between the body-mind theory and psychosomatic medicine. In association with clinical observation, from three aspects, i.e. body-mind pathogenesis, acupoint detection and observing the mind, and body-mind treatment, the guidance of "body-mind holism" is explored for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion; the referents of "body" and "mind" are clarified in views of disease, diagnosis and treatment; and the treatment strategies of acupuncture and moxibustion are discussed in the perspective of "body-mind holism".
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Moxibustion , Psychosomatic Medicine , Acupuncture Therapy , Acupuncture , Acupuncture Points , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , MeridiansABSTRACT
This paper systematically analyzed the understanding of qi from the perspectives of matter， energy， information and relationship reality， introduced the original holistic principle of systematic traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， and considered the latest research results of qi （three-layer material theory）， trying to optimize the structure framework of the qi theoretical system and exhibit the occurrence and development rules of original qi. It emphasizes the hierarchical order of qi transformation following the original holistic principle， and takes this to guide the clinical understanding of “qi diseases”， helping doctors grasp the basic pathogenesis of the disease， that is abnormal qi movement， and helping them establish the awareness of providing systematic TCM treatment to patients by taking qi regulation as the key. At the same time， it discusses people within the structure of time and space， and points out that the treatment of diseases must comply with the principle of “the harmony of heaven， earth， and human beings”.
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Objective:To develop a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) scale for post-stroke aphasia based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) holism. Methods:Referring to the TCM holism, the theoretical model was established following the standard process for the development of the PRO scale. An item pool was established and optimized with case review, patient interview, expert questionnaire survey and consensus conference. The PRO scale was established finally. Results:A pool of post-stroke aphasia items based on the holistic view of TCM was constructed in the physical, psychological and social model. The Expert Comment Form for the PRO Scale for Aphasia after Stroke was formed after sorting out the item pool. After expert surveys and meeting discussion, 40 items were finally selected to form the first version of Patient-reported Outcomes Scale for Post-stroke Aphasia-TCM. Conclusion:The first version of Patient-reported Outcomes Scale for Post-stroke Aphasia-TCM has been developed based on the TCM holism and the concept of PRO, which can be evaluated clinically.
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Embora influente na recepção de Heidegger nos Estados Unidos da América, o trabalho de Dreyfus foi repetidas vezes criticado por desenvolver uma leitura distorcida e seletiva da fenomenologia de Heidegger. Nesse artigo, mostramos que, independentemente de seus desenvolvimentos posteriores em ciência cognitiva, sua crítica inicial à IA simbólica se apoia em duas teses que podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo, a saber, de que nosso senso de situação é (i) pragmático-holístico, e (ii) intrinsecamente relevante (i.e. definido por nossas interesses). Após uma introdução geral, reconstruímos, numa primeira seção, em linhas gerais o projeto da IA simbólica e o tom geral da crítica de Dreyfus; numa segunda seção, reconstruímos a crítica de Dreyfus a SAM, de R. Schank; na terceira seção, indicamos como as duas teses podem ser localizadas em Ser e Tempo; concluímos apontando questões pendentes.
While influential in Heidegger's reception in the United States of America, Dreyfus's work has been repeatedly criticized for developing a distorted and selective reading of Heidegger's phenomenology. In this paper, we show that, regardless of Dreyfus's later developments in cognitive science, his early critique of symbolic AI is supported by theses that can be located in Heidegger's Being and Time, namely, that our sense of situation is both (i) pragmatic-holistic and (ii) intrinsically relevant (i.e. defined by our interests). After a general introduction, we present in the first section the project of symbolic AI and the general tone of Dreyfus's criticism thereof; we then reconstruct Dreyfus's criticism of R. Schank's SAM; after that, we indicate how these theses are to be found in Heidegger's Being and Time; we finally conclude by pointing out pending issues.
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PURPOSE: This review describes the historical changes in nutrition philosophy from a reductionist to a holistic approach during the 20th century. Also, the role and efficient use of a holistic approach to precision nutrition are discussed. RESULTS: Over the past century, significant progress has been made in human nutrition research, unraveling fundamental mechanisms of single nutrients on single targets or pathways. This kind of a reductionist approach has helped to save populations from nutrient deficiency diseases and improve associated health outcomes in large parts of the world. However, a new set of nutrition problems, like obesity and diet-related chronic diseases, are growing each year worldwide, increasing the financial burden on the health care system. A linear cause-effect association between single nutrients and a single physiologic effect, is insufficient to solve the complex nutrition-health relationships. Research that involves a more holistic rather than reductionist approach is needed to tackle a new set of nutrition problems. Recent advances in technology, informatics, and statistical methods are enabling an understanding of the diversity of individuals and the complex interactions between foods and human bodies, leading to the concept of “precision nutrition.” CONCLUSION: The emerging goal of precision nutrition is to provide tailored dietary advice for maintaining health and preventing obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. The parts are already being installed. To grab the complexity, reductionism and holism must be used interdependently.
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Humans , Chronic Disease , Deficiency Diseases , Delivery of Health Care , Human Body , Informatics , Obesity , PhilosophyABSTRACT
With the completion of the human genome project, people have gradually recognized that the functions of the biological system are fulfilled through network-type interaction between genes, proteins and small molecules, while complex diseases are caused by the imbalance of biological processes due to a number of gene expression disorders. These have contributed to the rise of the concept of the "multi-target" drug discovery. Treatment and diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine are based on holism and syndrome differentiation. At the molecular level, traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by multi-component and multi-target prescriptions, which is expected to provide a reference for the development of multi-target drugs. This paper reviews the application of network biology in traditional Chinese medicine in six aspects, in expectation to provide a reference to the modernized study of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Humans , Drug Discovery , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Systems BiologyABSTRACT
Based on the holism,the medical and health care model of the Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine & Western Medicine is referred that the practitioners who work with the TCM & Western medicine,apply the methods combined westem medicine with TCM to treat patients and health educationfrom the "person-centric" holism.Professor Ka-Kit Hui,who is the founder of the East and West Medical Center (CEWM) belonged to the University of California,Los Angeles vigorously advocate,and always adhere to the education and clinical.In this paper,we briefly introduced this model.Taking clinical case discussion of CEWM as an example,we focused on and summarized how the team of CEWM applied this model to train the clinical practitioners who would like to work in the Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine & Western Medicine.Through this paper,we hope we could get some useful references for the education of Chinese integrated traditional Chinese medicine & westem medicine practitioners.
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Objective: By taking the holism and differentiation concepts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as the guidance, physical, mental and workplace factors were recruited in the observation of depression in employees, and were systematically classified to establish a workplace-related Liver Meridian-depression scale, for providing an evaluation index for depression in employees. Methods: NVIVO 11 software was adopted to assort ancient TCM classics. Based on the holism and differentiation concepts of TCM and well-developed scales, the item pool was determined via brain storm and screened by Delphi method after classified; a Wechat questionnaire was handed out 240 times via the online system 'Wen Juan Xing', and the results were statistically analyzed by the SPSS 17.0 version software. Results: Five dimensions consisting of 80 items were obtained after classification, and 60 items were selected by Delphi method; a total of 216 questionnaires were returned and the return rate was 90%. Of which, 215 questionnaires were valid ones, and the valid rate was 99%. By exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 44 items were obtained, and the aggregate split-half reliability coefficient was 0.922. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the five dimensions, i.e. Liver Meridian, relevant meridians, basic psychological activities, work cognition and emotional reactions, was respectively 0.841, 0.842, 0.914, 0.836 and 0.839, indicating a content internal consistency. The score of each item was highly correlated with the corresponding dimension, and the intercommunity was between 0.474 and 0.801. Nine factors were generated, 2 in the dimension of Liver Meridian, 3 in the dimension of relevant meridians, 2 in the dimension of basic psychological activities, 1 in the dimension of work cognition, and 1 in the dimension of emotional reactions, and the load of each factor was between 0.438 and 0.859. The reliability and validity of the scale were well examined. Conclusion: The scale can be applied to evaluate the qi activities of Liver Meridian and depression symptoms related to workplace.
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Com base numa etnografia realizada profissionais de Serviço Social em diversos serviços de protecção social e de desenvolvimento social local no norte de Portugal, o artigo propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre os limites do holismo etnográfico e evidencia as possibilidades da abordagem fenomenológica, considerando para tal os processos intersubjectivos e de poder inerentes à compreensão cultural. O acompanhamento destas profissionais no terreno, em contextos de trabalho, permitiu-nos compreender, a partir de uma perspectiva fenomenológica, como as mesmas constroem, mobilizam e recontextualizam o saber profissional no decurso das práticas e interacções dos seus quotidianos laborais. Por outro lado, mostrou-nos como as dinâmicas interaccionais entre quem faz a etnografia e os sujeitos sob observação fomentam processos de reflexão e de compreensão entre estes últimos que se entrecruzam com incrementos de estatuto e poder, não só no quadro da relação etnográfica, mas também no âmbito das relações com demais actores da ecologia profissional.
Drawn from an ethnography conducted with social workers working in welfare and local community development services in northern Portugal, the paper proposes a critical reflection on the limits of holism and on the prospects offered by the phenomenological approach as well as the implied intersubjective process of cultural comprehension. A series of professional ethnographies allowed the researchers to perceive how social workers constructed, mobilized and recontextualized professional knowledge in the course of everyday practice and social interaction. The phenomenological approach allowed perceiving how the participating social workers intersubjectively built their professional knowledge, either in the course of professional social interaction or while reflecting on and interpreting their own interactions with others. In this course, we discuss how the interactional rapport between ethnographers and observed social workers bolsters a process of power relativization that leads to professional empowerment.
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Social Work , Holistic Health , Anthropology, CulturalABSTRACT
The essence of thinking was the procedure for processing information by knowledge in the frame of world view,which depending on the world view and the existing knowledge and information.The characteristic of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) thinking was reflected by its unique world view.The world view of TCM thinking was natural view,holism concept and dialectic view,compared with modern scientific thinking mostly in reduction analysis.To develop TCM,the modern TCM thinking system was established through the reforming and innovating of TCM thinking characteristic based on preservation and promotion of them.
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The concept of holism is highlighted in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Macro pattern identification is used in TCM disease diagnosis based on holism concept. Macro symptoms are utilized in macro pattern identification. Six kinds of macro symptoms were summarized into 6 categories as solidified signs, chronic symptoms, suffering symptoms, changed symptoms of physiology, exclusive symptoms and changed symptoms after treatment. The comprehensiveness, objectivity and correctness of macro pattern identification are relied on those macro symptoms.
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Sin duda alguna, un par de páginas se han de quedar cortas a la hora de desglosar un poco sobre aquellos enfoques direccionados hacia el ser humano, desde lo individual, hasta su interacción en grupo y sociedad. Aun así, el presente artículo permite dar una mirada estructural y básica de lo que conlleva a la mención del concepto de Terapia Familiar Sistémica, en éste caso desarrollada en contextos de pobreza, básicamente en América Latina, y más específicamente en Colombia. A través de una contextualización estructurada de términos, ubicados en la raíz del tema principal, se pretende hacer un recorrido que vaya desde lo más sencillo, hasta lo más elaborado, para finalmente impregnar al lector, de una forma más clara y globalizada, de la ubicación y el universo que se constituye alrededor de la Terapia Familiar Sistémica, en los contextos de pobreza; su constitución, fundamento e importancia en nuestra sociedad.
Anyway a couple of pages will be short when we want to drill down a bit on those directed towards the human being approaches from the individual to his group interaction and society. Even so, this article can give a structural and basic look of what it takes to mention the concept of Systemic Family Therapy, developed in contexts of poverty, mainly in Latin America and more specifically in Colombia. Through a structured contextualization of terms, located in the root of the main theme it is to make a journey that goes from the simplest to the most elaborated, and finally imbue the reader of a clearer and globalized form of the location and the universe that is around the Systemic Family Therapy in contexts of poverty; its constitution, foundation and importance in our society.
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Humans , Family Therapy , Poverty/psychology , Family/psychology , Human MigrationABSTRACT
En esta primera entrega acerca del reduccionismo científico (RC) se parte de una definición convencional: «el todo no es más que la suma de las partes¼. El RC en las ciencias de la vida sostiene que el conocimiento de lo complejo debe ser, obligadamente, a través de sus componentes más simples, o que un sistema complejo solamente puede explicarse por medio de la reducción hasta sus partes fundamentales. Se distinguen tres tipos de reduccionismo: ontológico, teórico y metodológico. Los orígenes del RC se remontan a los primeros humanos en sus intentos de entender los sucesos naturales más influyentes y perturbadores para la supervivencia. La permanencia del RC como el modo de ser de la ciencia hasta nuestros días, de acuerdo con E. Morin, deriva del predominio del paradigma de disyunción, reducción, simplificación y exclusión. El holismo, que ha preservado la idea de la complejidad como enfoque de los fenómenos vitales, ha sido el rival del RC a lo largo del tiempo. Desde esta perspectiva, el discurso científico reduccionista, no solo tiene escasa relevancia en la solución de los grandes problemas de la humanidad (la degradación omnímoda de todo lo existente, las desigualdades, la exclusión progresiva de sectores mayoritarios de la población y la devastación de ecosistemas), sino que hace contribuciones decisivas (casi siempre involuntarias) al mantenimiento del statu quo.
The first part of this essay starts from the conventional premise of reductionism, which states 'the whole is nothing more than the sum of its parts'. According to scientific reductionism (SR), knowledge of the complex can only be achieved through simpler components, which means complex systems are explained by reduction to its most basic parts. Three kinds of SR are defined: ontological, theoretical and methodological. SR origins dwell within the efforts made by early humans to understand natural phenomena and its importance to survival. According to E. Morin, the reason behind SR being the favorite approach in science comes from the dysjunction, reduction, simplification and exclusion paradigm. The holistic approach as opposed to SR studies vital phenomena from the idea of complexity. From this perspective, not only does SR have almost no relevance in the solution of humanity's greatest problems like society inequality, human dignity and environmental degradation, it also contributes to maintain the statu quo.
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[Objective]To summarize the clinical experience of treating chloasma with the theory of the Zangfu-organs by Pro.Sun Yinong. [Method]By analyzing the idea of Sun’s therapy and medication of the proven case, it elaborates Pro.Sun Yinong’s clinical experience on using Chinese herbs to treat chloasma under the theory of the Zangfu-organs. [Results]The five Zang-organs perform their respective duties, any pathological changes in the five Zang-organs al can cause chloasma. We adapted at different herbs therapy to treat chloasma, which relieved the patient ’s clinical symptoms, and achieved satisfactory clinical outcome.[Conclusion] Starting from the five Zang-organs on the treatment based on syndrome differentiation, not only provides a new thought for the treatment of chloasma,but also ful y embodies the concept of holism and syndrome differentiation on TCM treatment of chloasma, which has practical effect on clinical application.
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The first role of anthropology in health and welfare education is to provide and cultivate viewpoints for understanding other cultures, including cultural relativism and holism, which is considered to be the basis of cultural competence. Second, this paper deals with legitimate peripheral participation as an example of the theoretical contributions of anthropology to medical, health, and welfare education. Third, ethnography, the method used in anthropology, has a further potential to be applied to qualitative studies of health and welfare. Constructive dialogue between anthropologists and medical specialists should be promoted to consider health and welfare education in the future.
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@#The rehabilitation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) takes overall concept as its guiding ideology, including shape, qi and spirit. The core is to preserve and promote the inner overall vitality of the human body, and to overcome the dysfunction of human body through activating self ability of recovery. Based on this view, we integrated traditional and modern rehabilitation, developed the curriculum system and teachers.
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BACKGROUND: To develop a Korean version of the Integrative Medicine Attitude Questionnaire (IMAQ) in order to evaluate physician attitudes toward integrative medicine/complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). METHODS: We developed a Korean IMAQ through careful translation of the 28-item questionnaire developed by Schmidt et al. A web-based survey was sent via email to 118 primary care physicians in Korea. The complete respose rate wasa 52.5%. The questionnaire's reliability and validity were verified using Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, and discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Although the Korean IMAQ exhibited excellent internal consistency, its validity was insufficient. Our results suggest that Western and Korean physicians may have different understandings of CAM and the concept of holism, as factor analysis showed that incorrectly classified items were mainly part of the holism conceptual domain. Furthermore, the sum of the items within the holism conceptual domain was not significantly different for physicians who had previously received CAM education. CONCLUSION: This study developed and tested the first Korean IMAQ. We found that this version of the questionnaire lacks sufficient validity and requires further modification.
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Humans , Complementary Therapies , Education, Medical , Electronic Mail , Integrative Medicine , Korea , Physicians, Primary Care , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
This work aimed to explore Chinese Medicine and the importance of evaluating the body as a whole.Results:The current medical model in most the world is a biomedical model of Western Medicine in which great efforts are concentrated on treating symptoms and diseases.The theories of Western Medicine ignore the importance of the dimensions of consciousness and usually focus its attention on a material level.Chinese Medicine treats the human body holistically,taking into consideration a unity of body and spirit in relationship to its environment.By challenging the classic theories of medicine of which the ultimate goal is to combat symptoms and diseases,new options for thought may be found.The symptoms have become a way to restore balance to improve health status.Thus,people Can learn about symptoms.It is an evolution and personal growth.For Chinese Medicine,the symptom or disease is a sign of imbalance affecting the whole body and indicates that other aspects of the patient's life need to be evaluated as well,not just the apparent organ or system affected.Under this new paradigm,holistic Chinese Medicine is as scientific as the Western Medicine.It simply has its own methodology.
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O surgimento e desenvolvimento das terapias alternativas integraram o movimento contracultural iniciado na década de 1960. As transformações sociais da época inauguraram, no campo da saúde do mundo ocidental, um período de convivência de diversas culturas de saúde. No presente trabalho elaboramos interpretações socioantropológicas de fatores culturais, políticos e socioeconômicos que influenciaram essas transformações. Primeiro, identificamos fatores macroculturais que influíram nas transformações no campo da saúde. Em seguida, os conflitos e rupturas nesse campo que contribuíram para a busca de novas práticas terapêuticas. Utilizamos a análise de textos como metodologia principal, partindo do pressuposto de que a abordagem integrativa das terapias alternativas exprime um aspecto da transformação dos valores culturais nas sociedades contemporâneas.
The emergence and development of alternative therapies comprised part of the counter-cultural movement initiated in the 1960s. In the health field of the western world, the social transformations that occurred at that time inaugurated a period in which diverse health cultures coexisted. In this work we elaborate the socio-anthropological interpretations of cultural, political and socio-economic factors that influenced these transformations. First, we identify the macrocultural factors that would influence the transformations in the health field. Next, within this field we analyze the conflicts and disruptions that contributed to the search for new therapeutic practices. We use text analysis as the principal methodology, starting from the presupposition that the integrative approach of alternative therapies expresses an aspect of the transformation in the cultural values of contemporaneous societies.